Ceramic calibration filter

ABSTRACT

The present invention is for a ceramic calibration filter, in one embodiment a ceramic attenuator ( 410 ), for attenuating radiation between a light source ( 402 ) and a sensor ( 422 ). A laser signal is reduced by ceramic attenuator ( 410 ) to a low-level signal that can be measured the sensor ( 422 ).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/989,761, filed Dec. 12, 1997 nowU.S. Pat. No. 5,909,237, entitled “Exposing Imagesetter Recording Filmon a Color-Proofing Apparatus,” by Roger S. Kerr and John D. Gentzke;U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/977,105, filed Nov. 24, 1997 nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,043,836, entitled “Vacuum Drum with Countersunk Holes,”by Roger S. Kerr, Dean L. Smith and Douglas A. Hons; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/914,078, filed Aug. 18, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No.6,014,162, entitled “Vacuum Imaging Drum with Media Contours,” by RogerS. Kerr, Dean L. Smith and Douglas A. Hons; U.S. patent application Ser.No. 08/883,058, filed Jun. 26, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,964,133,entitled “A Method of Precision Finishing a Vacuum Imaging Drum,” byRoger S. Kerr; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/785,101, filedJan. 21, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,002,419, entitled “Vacuum Imaging Drumwith an Optimized Surface,” by Roger S. Kerr, Dean L. Smith and DouglasA. Hons.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to an image processing apparatus in general, andin particular to a ceramic filter for calibration of imaging lasers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pre-press color-proofing is a procedure that is used by the printingindustry to create representative images of printed material without thehigh cost and time that is required to actually produce printing platesand set up a high-speed, high volume, printing press to produce anexample of the intended image. These examples may require severalcorrections and be reproduced several times to satisfy customerrequirements. The pre-press color-proofing process saves time and moneygetting to an acceptable finished product prior to producing printingplates.

Once an intended image is approved by the customer, films required forexposing printing plates are generated. These films are produced on aseparate apparatus such as an imagesetter and the imagesetter recordingfilm is used to prepare printing plates which are used to print finishedcopies in high volume.

An example of a commercially available image processing apparatus isshown in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,708. This imageprocessing apparatus forms an intended image on a sheet of thermal printmedia in which dye from a sheet of dye donor material is transferred tothe thermal print media by applying thermal energy to the dye donormaterial.

The printhead on the image processing apparatus includes a plurality oflasers diodes which are tied to the printhead and are individuallymodulated to supply energy to the thermal print media corresponding toan information signal. A plurality of optical fibers are individuallycoupled to the laser diodes at one end and terminate as a fiber opticarray at the other end. The printhead moves relative to the longitudinalaxis of the vacuum imaging drum. The dye is transferred to the thermalprint media as the radiation is transferred from the laser diodes by theoptical fibers to the printhead and thus to the dye donor material. Theradiation is converted to thermal energy in the dye donor sheetmaterial.

The level of laser power determines the amount of dye transferred. Toassure consistent proof-to-proof dye transfer as well asmachine-to-machine consistency, it is important that a given inputsignal results in a consistent amount of dye transfer. To set this dyetransfer to a desired level, the image processing apparatus incorporatessensor circuitry and a calibration feedback control loop for modulatinglaser output power. To provide a measured signal, the laser ispositioned so that it directs a beam of light at a calibration sensor.This calibration sensor measures the power level that it detects and, inturn, provides a corresponding output signal to laser driver controlcircuitry. Based on the signal level received from the calibrationsensor, the laser driver control circuitry adjusts the input signal thatdrives each laser to modulate the laser output power. The operator ofthe image processing apparatus can then verify that the desired outputlevels are produced by measuring density patches from an image producedon the same image processing apparatus.

Although current processing apparatus operation is satisfactory, thereare some limitations. For example, the throughput, commonly expressed innumber of intended images produced per hour is limited in part by thelaser power level. Existing devices, for example, use imaging laserswith 200-250 mW output power. Increasing this power level to 400 mW orhigher would allow the lasers to effectively deliver the same outputenergy in less time. This, in turn, would allow faster drum rotation andfaster writing speeds, thereby increasing throughput.

A second limitation with the currently available processing apparatus isthe reliability and power range of existing calibration sensorcomponents. In order to measure high-energy laser power using economicalcomponents, the calibration sensor requires a reliable filter thatattenuates laser radiation to much lower levels. The cost of sensors formeasurement at full laser power would be prohibitive for commercialimage processing devices. To attenuate the laser signal, existingdevices employ relatively high-cost, sensitive components such as coatedfilters, for example, Inconel 2.5 Neutral Density (ND) lenses. Thesecomponents have proved to be scratch-sensitive and are limited in theirability to attenuate higher levels of laser power. For example, ifmultiple diodes are simultaneously turned on at 200-250 mW, theresulting output power can burn through the protective coating,destroying the filter itself as well as the sensor it is designed toprotect.

Another limitation with existing methods for laser calibration is that arelatively expensive sensor component, typically a photodiode, must beselected to handle a high input-power signal. Moreover, the sensorchosen must be matched closely to the level of attenuation that can beachieved, constraining sensor availability. Low-cost photodiode sensorsare available, but these sensors measure signals at a lower power rangethan is currently achievable using existing equipment.

Yet another limitation with existing methods for writing lasermeasurement is the accuracy required for alignment and focus of theimaging laser relative to the sensor component. Each laser must beprecisely positioned relative to the attenuating filter and sensor toassure accurate measurement. In an image processing apparatus employingmultiple lasers, repeated, precise repositioning of the lens assemblyare required for each individual laser during laser power measurement.

Existing methods for laser power measurement include use of anopto-acoustical converter, discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,172, andmethods for a laser output control feedback loop are described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,899,348. Examples of ceramic materials used as wave guides inoptical components are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,577,137 and opticaldiffusers are discussed in “Machinable Glass Ceramic: A Useful OpticalMaterial,” Applied Optics, Vol. 25, No. 11/1, June, 1986, p. 1726. Priorart shows ceramic material used for control of laser modulation byvarying the ionization state of a ceramic element. See U.S. Pat. No.4,889,414.

Thus, is seen that there are a number of areas for improvement incalibration systems for lasers used in image processing apparatus. Inparticular, there is a need for low cost filters capable of withstandinghigh powered lasers and durable enough for repeated use, and which arerelatively insensitive to precise positioning of the laser and sensor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It an object of the present invention to provide a low cost, ceramiccalibration filter to attenuate a laser beam in a calibration system. Itis also an object of the present invention to provide a porous ceramicattenuator to attenuate laser power in a calibration system for an imageprocessing apparatus to overcome the limitations described above.

The present invention is directed at overcoming one or more of theproblems set forth above. Briefly summarized, according to one aspect ofthe present invention, a ceramic calibration filter for attenuatingradiation between a light source and a sensor comprises a ceramicattenuator located between the light source and said sensor.

In one embodiment of the invention, an image processing apparatus usingthermal print media and dye donor materials for processing an intendedimage onto the thermal print media incorporates a ceramic calibrationfilter which attenuates a laser signal power to levels that can bereliably measured using low-cost components. The characteristics of theceramic calibration filter are such that the amount of attenuation canbe adjusted by changing the dimension and composition of a ceramicattenuator.

This invention provides accurate measurement of laser power withoutexpensive components. The variable range of power levels that can betolerated using this invention allows accurate measurement of higherlaser power levels, which in turn allows faster writing speeds andhigher throughput. This allows for wider mechanical tolerances than areavailable with existing implementations, reducing the overall cost ofthe image processing apparatus.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it attenuates laserradiation from the high-power levels used for imaging, to low-powerlevels that can be measured using readily available, low-costphotodiodes.

It is an advantage of the present invention it replaces high-cost,sensitive components with low-cost components that do not requirespecial handling or assembly.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it uses an inherentlyreliable material whose characteristics are suited to withstanding hightemperature conditions.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it uses a material thatis an electrical insulator as a component enabling it to be mountedadjacent electrical components without requiring separate insulation.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it allows frequentmonitoring of laser output power to compensate for laser aging, heateffects, and other variables that may affect laser output power.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it allows laser powermeasurement without requiring precise tolerances for laser focus andalignment relative to sensor components.

It is an advantage of the present invention that it allows powermeasurement for each individual laser without the need to reposition theprinthead for each individual laser.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side view in vertical cross-section of an image processingapparatus according to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the lathe bed scanning subsystem of thepresent invention;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a calibration system according to thepresent invention with a ceramic attenuator;

FIG. 4 shows an arrangement of a calibration system according to thepresent invention relative to a printhead;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a calibration system according to thepresent invention with a spiral chamber ceramic attenuator;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a calibration system according to thepresent invention with a ceramic calibration filter comprised of aceramic attenuator and a spiral chamber ceramic attenuator; and

FIG. 7 is a side view, partially in phantom, showing a combinedattenuator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated an image processing apparatus10 according to the present invention having an image processor housing12 which provides a protective cover. A movable, hinged image processordoor 14 is attached to the front portion of the image processor housing12 permitting access to the two sheet material trays, lower sheetmaterial tray 50 a and upper sheet material tray 50 b, that arepositioned in the interior portion of the image processor housing 12 forsupporting thermal print media 32, thereon. Only one of the sheetmaterial trays 50 will dispense the thermal print media 32 out of itssheet material tray 50 to create an intended image thereon; thealternate sheet material tray either holds an alternative type ofthermal print media 32 or functions as a back up sheet material tray. Inthis regard, the lower sheet material tray 50 a includes a lower medialift cam 52 a for lifting the lower sheet material tray 50 a andultimately the thermal print media 32, upwardly toward a rotatable,lower media roller 54 a and toward a second rotatable, upper mediaroller 54 b which, when both are rotated, permits the thermal printmedia 32 to be pulled upwardly towards a media guide 56. The upper sheetmaterial tray 50 b includes a upper media lift cam 52 b for lifting theupper sheet material tray 50 b and ultimately the thermal print media 32towards the upper media roller 54 b which directs it towards the mediaguide 56.

The movable media guide 56 directs the thermal print media 32 under apair of media guide rollers 58 which engages the thermal print media 32for assisting the upper media roller 54 b in directing it onto the mediastaging tray 60. The media guide 56 is attached and hinged to the lathebed scanning frame 202 at one end, and is uninhibited at its other endfor permitting multiple positioning of the media guide 56. The mediaguide 56 then rotates its uninhibited end downwardly, as illustrated inthe position shown, and the direction of rotation of the upper mediaroller 54 b is reversed for moving the thermal print medium receiversheet material 32 resting on the media staging tray 60 under the pair ofmedia guide rollers 58, upwardly through an entrance passageway 204 andaround a rotatable vacuum imaging drum 300.

A roll 30 of dye donor material 34 is connected to the media carousel100 in a lower portion of the image processor housing 12. Four rolls 30are used, but only one is shown for clarity. Each roll 30 includes a dyedonor material 34 of a different color, typically black, yellow, magentaand cyan. These dye donor materials 34 are ultimately cut into dye donorsheet materials 36 (not shown in FIG. 1) and passed to the vacuumimaging drum 300 for forming the medium from which dyes imbedded thereinare passed to the thermal print media 32 resting thereon, which processis described in detail herein below. In this regard, a media drivemechanism 110 is attached to each roll 30 of dye donor material 34, andincludes three media drive rollers 112 through which the dye donormaterial 34 of interest is metered upwardly into a media knife assembly120. After the dye donor material 34 reaches a predetermined position,the media drive rollers 112 cease driving the dye donor material 34 andthe two media knife blades 122 positioned at the bottom portion of themedia knife assembly 120 cut the dye donor material 34 into dye donorsheet materials 36. The lower media roller 54 b and the upper mediaroller 54 b along with the media guide 56 then pass the dye donor sheetmaterial 36 onto the media staging tray 60 and ultimately to the vacuumimaging drum 300 and in registration with the thermal print media 32using the same process as described above for passing the thermal printmedia 32 onto the vacuum imaging drum 300. The dye donor sheet material36 now rests atop the thermal print media 32 with a narrow gap betweenthe two created by microbeads imbedded in the surface of the thermalprint media 32.

A laser assembly 400 includes a quantity of laser diodes 402 in itsinterior, the lasers 402 are connected via fiber optic cables 404 to adistribution block 406 and ultimately to the printhead 500. Theprinthead 500 directs thermal energy received from the laser diodes 402causing the dye donor sheet material 36 to pass the desired color acrossthe gap to the thermal print media 32. The printhead 500 is attached toa lead screw 250, shown in FIG. 2, via the lead screw drive nut 254 anddrive coupling 256 (not shown) for permitting movement axially along thelongitudinal axis of the vacuum imaging drum 300 for transferring thedata to create the intended image onto the thermal print media 32.

During operation, the vacuum imaging drum 300 rotates at a constantvelocity, and the printhead 500 begins at one end of the thermal printmedia 32 and traverse the entire length of the thermal print media 32for completing the transfer process for the particular dye donor sheetmaterial 36 resting on the thermal print media 32. After the printhead500 has completed the transfer process, for the particular dye donorsheet material 36 resting on the thermal print media 32 the dye donorsheet material 36 is then removed from the vacuum imaging drum 300 andtransferred out the image processor housing 12 via a skive or ejectionchute 16. The dye donor sheet material 36 eventually comes to rest in awaste bin 18 for removal by the user. The above described process isrepeated for the other three rolls 30 of dye donor materials 34.

Referring again to FIG. 1, after the color from all four sheets of thedye donor sheet materials 36 have been transferred and the dye donorsheet materials 36 have been removed from the vacuum imaging drum 300,the thermal print media 32 is removed from the vacuum imaging drum 300and transported via a transport mechanism 80 to a color binding assembly180. The entrance door 182 of the color binding assembly 180 is openedfor permitting the thermal print media 32 to enter the color bindingassembly 180, and shuts once the thermal print media 32 comes to rest inthe color binding assembly 180. The color binding assembly 180 processesthe thermal print media 32 for further binding the transferred colors onthe thermal print media 32 and for sealing the microbeads thereon. Afterthe color binding process has been completed, the media exit door 184 isopened and the thermal print media 32 with the intended image thereonpasses out of the color binding assembly 180 and the image processorhousing 12 and comes to rest against a media stop 20.

As shown in FIG. 2, the lathe bed scanning subsystem 200 includes thevacuum imaging drum 300, printhead 500 and lead screw 250, assembled inthe lathe bed scanning frame 202. The vacuum imaging drum 300 is mountedfor rotation about an axis X in the lathe bed scanning frame 202. Theprinthead 500 is movable with respect to the vacuum imaging drum 300,and is arranged to direct a beam of light to the dye donor sheetmaterial 36. The beam of light from the printhead 500 for each laserdiode 402 is modulated individually by modulated electronic signals fromthe image processing apparatus 10, which are representative of the shapeand color of the original image, so that the color on the dye donorsheet material 36 is heated to cause volatilization only in those areasin which its presence is required on the thermal print media 32 toreconstruct the shape and color of the original image.

The printhead 500 is mounted on a movable translation stage member 220which, in turn, is supported for low friction slidable movement ontranslation bearing rods 206 and 208. The translation bearing rods 206and 208 are sufficiently rigid so that they do not sag or distortbetween their mounting points and are arranged as parallel as possiblewith the axis X of the vacuum imaging drum 300 with the axis of theprinthead 500 perpendicular to the axis X of the vacuum imaging drum 300axis. The front translation bearing rod 208 locates the translationstage member 220 in the vertical and the horizontal directions withrespect to axis X of the vacuum imaging drum 300. The rear translationbearing rod 206 locates the translation stage member 220 only withrespect to rotation of the translation stage member 220 about the fronttranslation bearing rod 208 so that there is no over-constraintcondition of the translation stage member 220 which might cause it tobind, chatter, or otherwise impart undesirable vibration or jitters tothe printhead 500 during the generation of an intended image.

Referring to FIG. 3, there is illustrated a block diagram of the lasercalibration subsystem 420. Each individual laser 402 transmits a signalto the sensing components, one at a time, typically focused by theprinthead 500. The ceramic calibration filter in this embodimentcomprised of a ceramic attenuator 410, attenuates the amount of lightthat reaches the calibration sensor 412. Calibration sensor 412 iscomprised of a photodiode sensor 422 and a PC board 413 which amplifiesthe photodiode sensor 422 signal. The feedback signal 415 is transmittedto laser driver control circuitry 414 which sets an input power levelfor each laser diode 402. Laser diode 402 output power level iscontrolled by modulating the input power, or current, to the laser diode402.

As shown in FIG. 4, the printhead 500 is moved to one side of the vacuumimaging drum 300. In order to calibrate the laser diodes 402, thetranslation stage member 220 moves the printhead 500 outside the normalimaging area so that it is approximately aligned with the ceramicattenuator 410. Calibration control logic then causes the laser diode402 to radiate energy to the ceramic attenuator 410. The calibrationcontrol logic then modulates power for the laser diode 402 based on thefeedback signal 415 from the calibration sensor 422. One method ofcalibrating a laser is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,973,incorporated herein by reference.

The ceramic material used to manufacture the ceramic attenuator 410operates by diffusing the radiation that it receives at an input face416. The amount of attenuation that the ceramic attenuator 410 achieveshas been found to be a function of a number of characteristics,including the type of ceramic used, its porosity, purity and thedimensions of the ceramic attenuator. Porosity is a function of thematerial composition and the method of manufacture. In the preferredembodiment, the porosity of the ceramic attenuator 410 is 1%. Dependingon the characteristics of the ceramic material, other porosities may beappropriate, preferably in the range of 1% to 8%.

By varying the composition of the ceramic attenuator 410, which can bedoped with other substances to achieve different diffraction anddiffusion levels, and by manipulating the ceramic's structure, it ispossible to fabricate the ceramic attenuator 410 to suit thecharacteristics of the writing laser diode 402. The composition of theceramic attenuator 410 may also be varied to match the characteristicsof the calibration sensor. In the preferred embodiment, the compositionof the ceramic attenuator material is magnesium oxide (MgO).

The ceramic attenuator 410 has an input face 416 and output face 418,both of which are porous. The sides of ceramic attenuator 410 aresealed, in the preferred embodiment, by burnishing. The burnished sidestend to reflect laser energy. The characteristics described above workwell with a laser having a wavelength approximately 800 nm. A mountingdevice, such as a tube, can be used to hold the ceramic attenuator 410.The tube is an alternate means to seal the sides and control attenuationcharacteristics. A number of other options are also suitable for sealingthe ceramic attenuator, such as encasement of the ceramic material withan external coating, or a jacket of other materials.

The dimensions of the ceramic attenuator 410 also determine how muchradiant energy is delivered from its input face 416 to its output face418. Varying the length of a ceramic attenuator 410 along an axis of thelight beam, for example, is another means of adjusting the attenuationcharacteristics. In an experimental embodiment of the present invention,the length of ceramic attenuator 410 along an axis of the light beam was20 mm. This provided suitable attenuation for lasers having a poweroutput of 200 mW to 800 mW. The electrical and heat insulatingproperties of ceramics allowed the ceramic attenuator 410 to be affixeddirectly to the photodiode sensor 422. The ceramic attenuator could alsobe spaced at a predetermined distance from the photodiode sensor 422.

The position of the printhead 500 relative to the position of theceramic attenuator 410 and photodiode sensor 422 can be varied whenusing a calibration filter according to the present invention. In oneembodiment, the printhead is focused directly on the photodiode sensor422 surface. In another embodiment, the focus is offset to achieve apredetermined photodiode sensor 422 response level when attenuated bythe ceramic attenuator 410. The ceramic attenuator 410 scatters theradiant energy so that the spot size of the imaging laser signal at itsinput face 416 can be measured over a much wider area at its output face418. For example, a laser diode 402 signal with 10 micron spot size canbe detected at the output face 418 of ceramic attenuator 410 over anarea having approximately 1 mm radius. Thus, alignment of the printheadwith the calibration system is not critical.

The laser calibration subsystem 420 can be situated at a separatelocation on the side of the vacuum imaging drum 300 as depicted in FIG.4. In an alternate embodiment, the laser calibration subsystem 420 andits components are mounted as part of the vacuum imaging drum 300. Thisrequires mounting the ceramic attenuator 410 on the inside of the vacuumimaging drum 300.

Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram of an alternate laser calibrationsubsystem 420 is shown. Each individual laser 402 transmits a signal tothe sensing components focused by the printhead 500 as in the previousembodiment, and a spiral chamber ceramic attenuator 424 attenuates andmixes the light that reaches the calibration sensor 412. The photodiodesensor 422 feedback signal is transmitted to laser driver controlcircuitry 414, which sets the input power level for each laser diode402.

The spiral chamber ceramic attenuator 424 operates by diffusing theradiation that it receives at a chamber input port 426. The amount ofattenuation that the spiral chamber ceramic attenuator 424 achieves hasbeen found to be a function of a number of characteristics, includingthe type of ceramic used and the geometry of the spiral chamber. Lightleaving output port 428 need not be precisely aligned with optical axis501 for accurate measurement. Factors affecting the geometry of thespiral chamber include the overall length of the chamber, inner diameterof the hollow chamber, spiral radius, and the number of turns the spiralmakes. The chamber walls are glazed in the preferred embodiment toexhibit specific reflectivity to the incident laser radiation. Thespiral shape itself can also be varied, allowing tapering of the spiraltoward either the chamber input port 426 or the chamber output port 428.

By manipulating any of these variables, it is possible to fabricate aspiral chamber ceramic attenuator 424 that is particularly suited to aspecific characteristic of the writing laser diode 402, for example,wavelength, and those of the sensing components used in the imageprocessing apparatus 10. In an experimental apparatus to test theconcept, a ceramic attenuator ½ inch thick was prepared with a spiralchamber which made one and a half turns through the thickness of theattenuator. The diameter of the chamber was approximately ⅛ inch. Thediameter of a cylinder defined by the spiral was approximately ¼ inch.There was no direct light path between the front of the attenuator andthe back of the attenuator.

The ceramic attenuator was prepared as follows. The spiral chamber wascreated by forming the ceramic substrate about a metal spring, such thatwhen the ceramic substrate was fired at high temperatures, the metalvaporized, leaving a hollow spiral tube inside a ceramic core. Thecomposition of the ceramic was aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃). This method offabrication allows the use of different types of metals and othermaterials that glaze the inside of the spiral chamber ceramic attenuator424 as the ceramic is fired, giving the inner chamber walls specificreflectivity characteristics.

FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment wherein calibration filter 450 iscomprised of a spiral chamber attenuator 424 located between ceramicattenuator 410 and printhead 500. In this embodiment, the mixingcapabilities of spiral chamber attenuator 424 are combined with theattenuating capabilities of ceramic attenuator 410. A combinedattenuator 430 is shown in FIG. 7.

Although not described in detail, it would be obvious to someone skilledin the art that this invention can have broad application to laserimaging devices of all kinds, including film-writers, digital proofingsystems, imagesetting devices and plate-writers. This invention can alsobe used in any device using a laser where laser power must be reliablyand predictably attenuated for accurate measurement.

The invention has been described with reference to the preferredembodiment thereof. However, it will be appreciated and understood thatvariations and modifications can be effected within the scope of theinvention as described herein and as defined in the appended claims by aperson of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope ofthe invention. For example, the invention is applicable to any laserapparatus wherein it is useful to measure laser power level.Additionally, groups of lasers can be calibrated, rather thancalibrating each individual laser separately.

PARTS LIST

10. Image processing apparatus

12. Image processor housing

14. Image processor door

16. Donor ejection chute

18. Donor waste bin

20. Media stop

30. Roll media

32. Thermal print media

34. Dye donor roll material

36. Dye donor sheet material

50. Sheet material trays

50 a. Lower sheet material tray

50. Upper sheet material tray

52. Media lift cams

52 a. Lower media lift cam

52 b. Upper media lift cam

54. Media rollers

54 a. Lower media roller

54 b. Upper media roller

56. Media guide

58. Media guide rollers

60. Media staging tray

80. Transport mechanism

100. Media carousel

110. Media drive mechanism

112. Media drive rollers

120. Media knife assembly

122. Media knife blades

180. Color binding assembly

182. Media entrance door

184. Media exit door

200. Lathe bed scanning subsystem

202. Lathe bed scanning frame

204. Entrance passageway

206. Rear translation bearing rod

208. Front translation bearing rod

220. Translation stage member

250. Lead screw

252. Threaded shaft

254. Lead screw drive nut

256. Drive coupling

258. Linear drive motor

300. Vacuum imaging drum

400. Laser assembly

402. Laser diodes

404. Fiber optic cables

406. Distribution block

410. Ceramic attenuator

412. Calibration sensor

413. PC Board

414. Laser driver control circuitry

415. Feedback signal

416. Input face

418. Output face

420. Laser calibration subsystem

422. Photodiode sensor

426. Input port

428. Output port

430. Combined filter

432. Spiral chamber

434. Blind hole

450. Calibration filter

500. Printhead

501. Optical axis

What is claimed is:
 1. A ceramic calibration filter for attenuatingradiation between a light source and a sensor comprising: a ceramicattenuator located between said light source and said sensor; andwherein said ceramic attenuator has a porosity in the range of 1% to 8%.2. A ceramic calibration filter as in claim 1 wherein said ceramicattenuator has a porosity of 1%.
 3. A ceramic calibration filter as inclaim 1 wherein said ceramic attenuator has sealed sides.
 4. A ceramiccalibration filter as in claim 3 wherein said sides are sealed byburnishing.
 5. A ceramic calibration filter as in claim 1 wherein saidceramic attenuator is comprised of material selected from a groupcomprised of magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃).
 6. Aceramic calibration filter for attenuating radiation between a lightsource and a sensor comprising: a ceramic attenuator located betweensaid light source and said sensor; and having a spiral chamber, an axisof which is oriented approximately parallel to an optical axis of saidlight source.
 7. A ceramic calibration filter as in claim 6 wherein saidspiral chamber makes at least one half turn through a thickness of saidceramic attenuator.
 8. A ceramic calibration filter for attenuatingradiation between a light source and a sensor comprising: a ceramicattenuator located between said light source and said sensor; and aspiral chamber ceramic attenuator located between said ceramicattenuator and said light source.
 9. A ceramic calibration filter forattenuating radiation between a light source and a sensor comprising acombined attenuator comprised of a ceramic material having a spiralchamber extending partially through said ceramic material.
 10. A ceramiccalibration filter as in claim 9 wherein an axis of said spiral chamberis approximately aligned with an optical axis of said light source.